Further Programming

• A programming paradigm is a style or approach to programming with its own concepts and structure.
• Low-level programming uses assembly language with immediate, direct, indirect, indexed and relative addressing.
• Imperative (procedural) programs are sequences of statements that change variables, organised into procedures and functions.
• Object-oriented programming uses classes, objects, attributes, methods, encapsulation, getters and setters, inheritance, polymorphism and containment.
• Declarative programs state facts and rules; a query (goal) is answered by matching them.
• Files are opened for READ, WRITE, APPEND or RANDOM, and closed when finished; random files use SEEK, GETRECORD and PUTRECORD.
• An exception is an unexpected event at run time; exception handling traps it so the program can recover instead of crashing.

Addressing modes

A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of programming: the way a problem is broken down and the concepts a language provides to express it. The four in this syllabus are low-level, imperative (procedural), object-oriented and declarative.

Low-level programming uses assembly language: each instruction matches one machine code instruction and works directly with memory and registers (here a single accumulator, ACC, and an index register, IX).

        LDR #0
LOOP:   LDX NUMS
        ADD TOTAL
        STO TOTAL
        INC IX
        LDD COUNT
        INC ACC
        STO COUNT
        CMP #3
        JPN LOOP
        END
NUMS:   5
        9
        4
TOTAL:  0
COUNT:  0

Statements, variables, procedures

imperative how Procedural